欧亚经济联盟用工制度解读
欧亚经济联盟（EAEU）成员国（包括俄罗斯、白俄罗斯、哈萨克斯坦、吉尔吉斯斯坦和亚美尼亚）依据《欧亚经济联盟条约》（TREATY ON THE EURASIAN ECONOMIC UNION）构建了一个涵盖货物、服务、资本以及劳动力自由流动的统一市场，在此市场体系中，用工制度是保障跨境劳动者权益的核心规则。
一、核心条款解读：跨境就业者的“权利清单”
1. 免工作许可，自由择业
核心内容：成员国公民在其他成员国就业无需单独申请工作许可，雇主也不得设置保护性限制（涉国家安全、战略行业除外）。
适用范围：适用于所有职业，但教育、医疗、药学等特殊领域需按东道国程序认证资质。
例外情形：仅允许基于国家安全或公共秩序对特定行业设限。
【Article 97】
Employers and (or) customers of works (services ) of a member State are entitledto employ member States employees without restrictions for the protection of the national labor market. At the same time, the member States employees are not required to obtain apermit for conduction of the work activities in the State of employment.
2. 教育文件互认
一般原则：成员国承认他国教育文件的专业性和资格，无需重新认证。
例外领域：教育、医疗、药学等需按东道国法规完成补充认证（如医师执照考试）。
实践意义：工程师、教师等专业人士可直接跨境执业，降低职业壁垒。
【Article 97】
3.For the purposes of conduction of work activities by the member Statesemployees in the State of employment the education documents, issued by education organizations(educational institutions, educational organizations) shall berecognized without referring to the rocedures for the recognition of theeducation documents set bythe legislation of the State of employment.member States employees who aspire to engage in the educational, medical orpharmaceutical activities in other member State, shall undergo a procedure for therecognition of education documents established by the legislation of the state ofemployment and may be allowed accordingly to educational, medical or pharmaceuticalactivities in accordance with the legislation of the State of employment.State of employment.
3. 社会保障“双轨制”
非养老金福利：跨境劳动者在东道国享受与本地公民同等的社会保障（如医疗、失业、工伤险）。
养老金处理：退休金按居住国法律发放，但可通过双边协议协调跨国权益。
【Article 98】
3.The social protection (except for pensions) of member States employees and theirfamily members is provided on the same terms and conditions as for the citizens of the State of employment.
Employment (insurance) experience of member States employees shall be countedin the total employment (insurance)experience for the purposes of social protection(except for pensions) in accordance with the legislation of the State of employment.
Retirement of member States employees and their family members is regulated bythe legislation of the State of residence, as well as in accordance with separateinternational agreements between member States.
【Annex 32】
Member States shall recognize and coordinate social security entitlements, including pensions, unemployment benefits and other forms of social insurance for employees working in other Member States.
4.紧急医疗免费救助
权利保障：跨境劳动者在东道国遭遇突发疾病或意外时，享有与本国公民同等的免费紧急医疗。
操作要点：需持有效证件（护照、医保卡）就医，费用由东道国承担。
【Annex 30】
Member State shall grant on their territory to the member States employees and their family members the right to access free medical assistance (in urgent and emergency forms) in accordance with the same order and the same conditions applied for its owncitizens.
5. 合同与居留便利
免登记期：入境后30天内无需强制登记，超期后按东道国法规办理。
合同续约特权：合同终止后若超过90天，可在境内直接续签新合同，无需离境。
【Article 97】
6.Citizens of a member State who arrived for the purpose of conduction of the work activity or employment in the territory of another member State shall be exempt from the obligation to register (registration) for 30 days from the date of entry. 9.In case of termination of employment or civil law contract after the expiration of90 days from the date of entry into the territory of the State of employment, a member State employee has the right without leaving the territory of the State of employment within 15 days to sign a new labor or civil law contract.
6.工会权利平等
同等待遇：跨境劳动者有权加入东道国工会，参与集体谈判，享受同等福利
【Article 97】
5.A member State employee shall have the right to join trade unions on par with the citizens of the State of employment.
6.A member State employee is entitled to receive information regarding the order of their stay, the conditions of conduction of work activities, as well as the rights and obligations stipulated by the legislation of the State of employment from the public authorities of the state of employment (which are competent in relevant issues) and from the employer (customer of works (services))
二、实操指南：跨境就业必知事项
1.就业前的充分准备：
资质认证要求：对于教育、医疗等特殊行业的从业者，必须深入了解东道国对从业资格的具体认证标准。例如在俄罗斯执业的医师，除专业资质外，还需通过严格的俄语水平测试，建议提前6-12个月准备相关考试材料。
跨境税务规划：由于在欧亚经济联盟成员国工作可能产生跨境收入，需要特别注意双重征税问题。建议咨询专业税务顾问，重点研究中俄避免双重征税协定等双边税务安排，合理规划收入申报方式。
2.就业期间的权益保障：
社保衔接机制：正式入职后，应立即与雇主确认社保缴纳的具体方案，包括缴费比例、账户类型等关键信息。同时要妥善保存所有缴费凭证原件，这些文件将作为未来办理社保跨境转移的重要依据。
紧急医疗保障：建议随身携带双语医保卡和24小时紧急联络方式，最好准备纸质和电子两种版本。同时要了解工作地附近的定点医疗机构，确保突发疾病时能够获得及时有效的医疗救助
3.离职与续约的规范流程：
合同终止程序：如决定结束工作离境，必须提前30天办理完整的离职手续。特别注意要完成个人所得税清算，向税务机关提交最终申报，并办理社保账户的正式停缴手续。
续约过渡安排：充分利用欧亚经济联盟规定的”90天窗口期”政策，建议在现合同到期前60天就开始与新雇主接洽，准备续约材料，避免因手续延误导致非法滞留。
4.争议解决的多重途径：
本地化解优先：发生劳资纠纷时，首先建议通过东道国劳动监察部门调解，或向当地劳动仲裁委员会申请仲裁。多数争议可在这一阶段得到有效解决。
跨境司法救济：如涉及成员国间的复杂法律冲突，可向欧亚经济联盟法院提起诉讼。该法院的终审判决在所有成员国境内都具有强制执行力，是解决跨境争议的有力保障。
EAEU用工制度以“消除壁垒、保障权益”为核心，为跨境劳动者提供了前所未有的便利。然而，自由流动也意味着需主动适应多元法律环境。无论是求职者还是雇主，都应：
熟悉规则：掌握目标国家的劳动法和社保政策；
合规操作：妥善处理签证、税务、社保等跨境事务；
善用资源：通过EAEU平台和双边协议维护自身权益。
